A nurse is caring for a client who is reporting pain as 4 on a scale of 0 to 10. Upon further assessment, which of the following findings should the nurse identify as manifestations of chronic pain?
(Select all that apply.)
A. The client reports that the pain has been present for approximately 4 years.
B. The client reports never feeling total relief from pain.
C. The client's pain can be attributed to an acute injury or illness.
D. The client reports that the pain is recurring and does not always originate in the same location.
E. The client describes the pain as transient.
Explanation: The client reports that the pain has been present for approximately 4 years is correct. Pain is diagnosed as chronic once it has been present for 6 months or longer.
The client reports never feeling total relief from pain is correct. Persistent pain is defined as pain that lasts longer than 6 months and can reach a severe level. The pain continues to persist after the predicted trajectory of healing, and the level of pain does not correspond to physical findings.
The client reports that the pain is recurring and does not always originate in the same location is correct. Recurrent pain that does not always originate in the same location can indicate abnormal processing of stimuli from pain receptors. As a result, chronic pain can originate from peripheral sites to the source of the pain.
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